Bio 3.1 Explain How Traits Are Determined By the Structure and Function of DNA
Bio 3.1.1: Double Strand and Complementary Nature of DNA
- Structure of the DNA is a double helix. The sides are composed of alternating phosphate-sugar groups and the "rungs of the ladder" are made of complementary nitrogenous base pairs (adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine) connected ny hydrogen bonds
- Replication happens in the S phase of the cell cycle and allows daughter cells to have an exact copy of the parent DNA
- Cells respond to the environment by making different types and amounts of protein
- All cells have the same DNA but differ based on the expression of the gene
- DNA Extraction Virtual Lab Link:
Bio 3.1.2: DNA and RNA Code For Proteins
- Transcription: Produces an RNA copy of DNA, which is modified into three types of RNA
- mRNA travels to the ribosome
- Translation: tRNA supplies the correct amino acids
- Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to make polypeptides. Polypeptide chains form protein molecules.
- You can use a codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence produced by a particular sequence of bases
- Proteins can be the following functions antibodies, contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, and transport proteins
- Transcribe Protein Virtual Lab Link:
Bio 3.1.3 DNA Mutations
- Mutations are changes in DNA coding and can be deletions , additions, or substitutions.
- Deletions: Section of DNA is lost
- Additions: Extra base pairs are inserted
- Substitutions: Exchanging one base for another
- Mutations can be random or caused by radiation or chemical exposure
- Silent Mutations do not alter the phenotype they may change the amino acid sequence though
- With mutations the proteins produced will be different and affected
- Mutations vary they can be silent or very drastic and effect the phenotype
- Mutations in sex cells can result in heritable changes
- Mutation Lab Activity Link: